Dengue, also known as 'Breakbone Fever', is a viral disease that spreads through mosquito bites. A mosquito known as Aedes aegypti is the primary donor of dengue and Chikungunya fever. Every year, 50 to 390 million people get sick with dengue and result in more than half a million hospitalizations. Dengue fever causes approximately 25,000 deaths each year. Approximately 2.5 billion people, two-fifths of the world's population, are at risk of becoming infected with dengue. The disease is now endemic in more than 100 countries.
Dengue fever is transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes, A. aegypti is the main donor. Dengue-spreading mosquitoes prefer to breed in clean, stagnant water. These usually bite throughout the day, especially in the morning and evening. A single bite can cause infection. Dengue virus has four serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4).
Currently there are no commercially available vaccines for dengue fever. The only option is to control the mosquito populations and prevent the disease by taking precautions to avoid mosquito bites. There are also no drugs that directly target dengue viruses. However, if medical care is provided before the disease switches to dengue shock syndrome or dengue hemorrhagic fever, the disease can be treated.
Dengue fever symptoms may appear seven days after the mosquito lice. In the majority of cases, the patient does not show any symptoms, or the symptoms may be mild. Symptoms are presented in a minority of cases. Dengue fever symptoms include aching muscles and joints, high fever, intense headache and eye pain, and a characteristic measles-like rash. In some cases, vomiting and nausea may also occur.
In some cases, dengue proceeds to a more severe form known as hemorrhagic fever (DHF). This condition can be fatal if it is not treated over time. Symptoms of DHF include bleeding from the mouth or gums, nosebleeds, internal bleeding, low platelet count, blood spots on the skin, and weak pulse. Dengue's worst form is dengue shock syndrome. This can also result in death. This condition is characterized by severe stomach pain, disorientation, sudden hypo-tension, bleeding, vomiting and leakage from blood vessels.
There is no specific treatment or treatment for Dengue. Treatment depends on the severity of the disease. For mild dengue, rehydration and pain relievers are prescribed. For more severe dengue types, intravenous fluid supplements and blood transfusions are used. If symptoms are severe, the patient may need to go to the intensive care unit.
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